Diagram SOlution

A low-cost circuit of an FM booster that can be used to listen programs from distant FM stations clearly. The circuit comprises a common-emitter tuned RF preamplifier wired around VHF/UHF transistor 2SC2570 ( C2570). this FM booster circuit is constructed using few common components( not require some special components ) and provide a very good gain .to calibrate this circuit you need to adjust input/output trimmers (VC1/VC2) for maximum gain.

 Input coil L1 consists of four turns of 20SWG enamelled copper wire (slightly space wound) over 5mm diameter former. It is tapped at the first turn from ground lead side. Coil L2 is similar to L1, but has only three turns. Both of the trimmers are 22pF value. This FM radio signal booster needs to be powered by a 12 volts DC power supply .

This is an Infrared beam breaking alarm ideal to use in entry or passages.It is based on the working of the popular IR sensor Module TSOP 1738 which senses 38 kHz Infrared pulses from the IR LED of the transmitter. Range of the circuit is about 5 meters if the transmitter and receiver are properly aligned

TSOP 1738 IR sensor module responds to only 38kHz pulsed infrared rays. It will not sense continuous IR ray from the IR LED.So a transmitter circuit(as one in TV remote handset) based on 555 IC is required. Any standard transmitter circuit based on 555 IC can be used. But its output should be 38kHz exactly. TSOP 1738 gives 5 volt output and 5mA current in the off position.

 That is when IR rays are not available.Its output is current sinking so that when it receives 38kHz IR rays, output becomes zero.Pin 2 of the module should get a supply voltage between 4.5 to 6 volts.Higher voltage above 6 volts will destroy the device. The module is generally immune to ambient light, but may responds to sources of noice such as electronic ballasts.

IR Beam Breaker Schematics

Out put from the IR module is given to the inverting input of IC1. LM311 is a precision voltage comparator . It looks like the common Op Amps like LM741, CA3130,CA 3140,TL071 etc.But its pin connections and output are different from other Op Amps.

Pin 2 Non inverting
Pin3 Inverting
Pin 1 Ground
Pin8 Vcc
Pin7 Current sinking Output

The non inverting input of IC1 is connected to a potential divider comprising R1 and R2. When the IR sensor gets IR pulses from the transmitter, output of IC1 remains high. When the IR beam breaks, output from the sensor becomes high which triggers IC1. It then sinks current to activate buzzer and LED. link

The timer with Musical Alarm  use famous CMOS oscillator/divider IC (IC1 ). Although this circuit operates in 9V its standby current drain is very low. The time delay of timer circuit can be adjusted by adjusting the preset VR1. The base of npn transistor T1 is connected to pin 3 of IC1 through resistor R4 and its emitter terminal is connected with pin 2 of melody generator IC­ (IC2) in order to provide positive supply when adjusted time delay is over.

Timer with Musical Alarm Circuit Diagram

Here the zener diode ZD1 is used as regulator which reduce power supply to required for operation of IC2 i.e. 3.3V. Lastly for music output the output from pin 1 of IC2 is fed to loud speaker via driver transistor and its volume is controlled by preset VR2. For starting the timer power is supplied by pressing switch SW1. Link


Parts list

Resistor (all ¼-watt, ±5%)
R1 = 1.2 MΩ
R2 = 2.2 MΩ
R3 = 56 KΩ
R4, R5, R6 = 1 KΩ
VR1 = 1 MΩ
VR2 = 1 KΩ

Capacitors
C1 = 0.01 µF
C2 = 0.22 µF
C3 = 1 µF/25V

Semiconductors
IC1 = CD4060 (CMOS oscillator /divider IC)
IC2 = UM66 (melody generator)
T1, T2 = BC547

Miscellaneous
SW1 = on/off switch
9V battery
LS1 = 8Ω, 0.5W speaker

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Build a Voltage to Frequency Converter Circuit Diagram 3. The input voltage, V1, causes C1 to charge and produce a ramp voltage at the output of the 741 op amp. Diodes D1 and D2 are four-layer devices. When the voltage across C1 reaches the breakover voltage of either diode, the diode conducts to discharge C1 rapidly and the op amp output goes abruptly to zero. This rapid discharge action applies a narrow pulse to G1 and G2. Positive discharge pulses produced by a positive V1 are coupled to the output only through G1, while negative pulses are coupled only through G2. 

Because of the forward break-over current of diodes D1 and D2, the circuit won`t operate below a minimum input voltage. An increase of R1 increases this minimum voltage and reduces the circuit`s dynamic range. The minimum input voltage with R1 at 1 Kn is in the range of 10 to 50 m V. This input dead zone, when input signal V1 is near zero is desirable in applications that require a signal to exceed a certain level before an output is generated.

The essence of the circuit is for the input of tone and signal to provide an activation for the relay switch.

The use of relay will allow the circuit to switch from one condition to another. It can also be referred to as a form of an electrical amplifier since it is able to control an output circuit of higher power than the input circuit. There are many types of relays being used in many electronic and electrical circuits, which include solid-state relay, Buchholz relay, overload protection relay, latching relay, forced-guided contacts relay, mercury-wetted relay, contactor relay, machine tool relay, reed relay, polarized relay, and solid state contactor relay.

 

 

The circuit created is sensitive enough to the AC signals in the input stage, where the signals are ranging above 5 mV. It will also be sensitive to react with the human voice signals having a range of frequency from 50 Hz up to 3 KHz. The human voice is a part of the human sound produced primarily by the vocal cords or vocal folds which in turn produces a voice frequency that is used for the transmission of speech.

During the absence of an input signal, the state of the 12 V relay RL1 is at OFF condition as regulated by the 10K Ohms trimmer RV1. The circuit can be made to react with its sensitivity in points A, B, & C, where a negative feedback can be placed due to the addition of band pass filter. The filter will operate only in the 1 KHz range and the circuit will only correspond at this frequency.

The signal and tone activated relay switch were used in a wide range of fields which includes measuring instruments, audio systems, communications equipment, and factory-automation equipment. They can also be found on telephone subscriber circuits for the polarity reversing switch, testing, and ringing functions. Source